Understanding Neuroblastoma

What is Neuroblastoma?

Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer that primarily affects children under the age of 5. It develops from immature nerve cells called neuroblasts, typically beginning in the adrenal glands but can also develop in other areas.

Key Facts

• Most common cancer in infants
• Usually diagnosed before age 5
• Forms in nerve tissue
• Can occur anywhere along the sympathetic nervous system

Common Locations

• Adrenal glands (most common)
• Chest
• Neck
• Spine
• Pelvis

Signs and Symptoms

Early Symptoms

• Abdominal pain or swelling
• Difficulty breathing
• Changes in bowel habits
• Unexplained weight loss

Advanced Symptoms

• Bone pain
• Lumps under the skin
• Dark circles around eyes
• Fatigue and irritability

Diagnosis

Common Tests Include:

1. Physical examination
2. Blood and urine tests
3. Imaging (CT, MRI, MIBG scan)
4. Biopsy

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on risk classification:

Low Risk:

• Surgery
• Observation

Intermediate Risk:

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation (sometimes)

High Risk:

• Intensive chemotherapy
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Stem cell transplant
• Immunotherapy

Prognosis

Prognosis varies significantly based on:

• Age at diagnosis
• Stage of cancer
• Biological markers
• Response to treatment

Support and Care

• Regular follow-up care
• Psychological support
• Family counseling
• Nutritional guidance

Research and Clinical Trials

Ongoing research includes:

• New targeted therapies
• Immunotherapy advances
• Genetic studies
• Treatment combinations