What is Melanoma?
Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer, developing in cells called melanocytes that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color.
Risk Factors
- Excessive UV exposure (sunlight or tanning beds)
- Fair skin, light hair, or light eyes
- Family history of melanoma
- Multiple moles or unusual moles
- Previous sunburns, especially in childhood
Warning Signs (ABCDE Rule)
A - Asymmetry
- One half doesn't match the other
B - Border
- Irregular, ragged, or notched edges
C - Color
- Various colors or uneven distribution of color
- May include brown, black, red, blue, or white
D - Diameter
- Larger than 6 millimeters (about 1/4 inch)
E - Evolving
- Changes in size, shape, color, or elevation
Diagnosis
- Physical examination
- Dermatoscopy
- Biopsy
- Imaging tests (if needed)
Treatment Options
Early-Stage Melanoma
- Surgical excision
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy (if needed)
Advanced Melanoma
- Immunotherapy
- Targeted therapy
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
Prevention
- Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30+)
- Avoid peak UV hours (10 AM - 4 PM)
- Wear protective clothing
- Regular skin self-examinations
- Annual professional skin checks
When to Seek Medical Attention
- New moles appearing in adulthood
- Changes in existing moles
- Unusual skin growths
- Any spots matching ABCDE criteria
Prognosis
Early detection significantly improves outcomes. Five-year survival rates:
- Localized: 99%
- Regional spread: 65%
- Distant spread: 25%
Follow-up Care
- Regular skin examinations
- Sun protection measures
- Monitoring for recurrence
- Mental health support if needed