What is Compartment Syndrome?
Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when pressure builds up within a muscle compartment, leading to decreased blood flow and potential tissue damage.
Types
-
Acute compartment syndrome: Develops rapidly, usually after injury
-
Chronic compartment syndrome: Develops gradually, often from exercise
Common Causes
- Fractures or severe bruising
- Tight bandages or casts
- Crush injuries
- Intense exercise (especially in chronic cases)
- Burns
- Blood clots
Key Symptoms
Acute Compartment Syndrome
- Severe pain (out of proportion to injury)
- Pain that worsens with passive stretch
- Firmness or tightness in affected area
- Numbness or tingling
- Pale, shiny skin
- Decreased pulse
Chronic Compartment Syndrome
- Exercise-induced pain
- Tight, aching muscles
- Numbness during activity
- Symptoms typically resolve with rest
Diagnosis
- Physical examination
- Compartment pressure measurements
- MRI or other imaging (in some cases)
Treatment Options
Acute Cases
-
Emergency fasciotomy
- Surgical decompression
- Must be performed quickly to prevent tissue death
Chronic Cases
-
Conservative treatment
- Activity modification
- Physical therapy
- Anti-inflammatory medications
-
Surgical options
- Fasciotomy if conservative treatment fails
Prevention
- Remove restrictive clothing/bandages
- Proper injury management
- Gradual increase in exercise intensity
- Regular monitoring of casts and dressings
When to Seek Emergency Care
- Severe pain that seems excessive
- Numbness or tingling
- Pale or cool extremities
- Significant swelling
- Loss of pulse
Long-term Outlook
Prognosis depends on quick recognition and treatment. Early intervention typically leads to better outcomes.