Understanding and Managing Osteoporosis

What is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition that causes bones to become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. It occurs when bone density decreases and the body loses too much bone mass.

Risk Factors

• Age (especially post-menopausal women)
• Family history
• Low body weight
• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
• Certain medications (e.g., long-term corticosteroids)
• Sedentary lifestyle

Diagnosis

Bone Density Testing

• DXA (DEXA) scan: Gold standard for diagnosis
• T-scores interpretation:
  • Above -1: Normal bone density
  • -1 to -2.5: Osteopenia
  • Below -2.5: Osteoporosis

Treatment Options

Medications

1. Bisphosphonates

   • Alendronate (Fosamax)
   • Risedronate (Actonel)
   • Zoledronic acid (Reclast)

2. Other Options

   • Denosumab (Prolia)
   • Teriparatide (Forteo)
   • Abaloparatide (Tymlos)

Lifestyle Changes

• Regular weight-bearing exercise
• Adequate calcium intake (1,000-1,200 mg daily)
• Vitamin D supplementation (800-1,000 IU daily)
• Fall prevention strategies

Prevention Strategies

1. Maintain proper nutrition
2. Regular exercise routine
3. Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
4. Regular bone density screenings
5. Fall-proof your home

When to Contact Your Doctor

• Sudden back pain
• Loss of height
• Change in posture
• Unexplained fractures