Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL)

What is Hairy Cell Leukemia?

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, slow-growing blood cancer that affects B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. The condition gets its name from the hair-like projections visible on the surface of the cancerous cells under a microscope.

Key Characteristics

• Rare cancer affecting approximately 600-800 people annually in the US
• More common in men than women (4:1 ratio)
• Typically occurs in middle-aged or older adults
• Generally slow-growing and treatable

Common Symptoms

• Fatigue and weakness
• Frequent infections
• Easy bruising or bleeding
• Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Night sweats
• Painless abdominal swelling

Diagnosis

Primary Diagnostic Tools

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
2. Peripheral Blood Smear
3. Bone Marrow Biopsy
4. Flow Cytometry
5. Immunophenotyping

Treatment Options

First-Line Treatments

• Purine analogs (cladribine, pentostatin)
• Targeted therapy (rituximab)

Additional Treatments

• Interferon-alpha
• Splenectomy (rarely needed)
• BRAF inhibitors for resistant cases

Prognosis and Outlook

HCL typically responds well to treatment, with many patients achieving long-term remission. Regular monitoring is essential to detect and manage potential relapses.

Living with HCL

Lifestyle Recommendations

• Maintain regular medical follow-up
• Practice good infection prevention
• Stay physically active as able
• Maintain a balanced diet
• Get adequate rest

When to Contact Your Healthcare Provider

• Developing fever or signs of infection
• Unusual bleeding or bruising
• Increasing fatigue
• New or worsening symptoms